Cost of Living City Ranking 2023 

The key factors that have shaped the world’s economy in 2022 will continue to exert an influence into 2023. More than a year after the escalation of the Russia-Ukraine crisis and the emergence of more contagious COVID-19 variants, many economies are still absorbing the shocks produced by these events. Due to the recent introduction of aggressive national monetary policies and the tightening of global financial conditions, many economies are likely to see slower income growth this year, along with rising unemployment. Debt levels among many countries remain high and core inflation has not yet peaked in many markets. Inflation and exchange-rate fluctuations are directly impacting the pay and savings of employees who are internationally mobile. 

Hong Kong once again tops our Cost of Living City Ranking. It is followed by Singapore, which jumped up six positions since last year, pushing Zurich to spot number three. The least expensive locations in the ranking include Havana, which dropped 83 spots, due in part to strong currency devaluations mid last-year, and two cities in Pakistan — Karachi and Islamabad.

This year, only two out of 10 of the most expensive cities for international assignees to live in are located in Asia, compared to four last year. However, these cities top the ranking, with Hong Kong ranked first, followed by Singapore (2). The two least expensive locations in the world are also Asian cities — Karachi (226) and Islamabad (227).

The global top ten includes five European cities and four of those are in Switzerland, with the fifth being Copenhagen. Other most expensive cities in the region include London, Vienna, Amsterdam, Prague (up 27 spots in the global ranking since last year) and Helsinki.

Tel Aviv remains the costliest city in the Middle East for international employees, ranked 8th on the global ranking. The next most expensive cities in this region are in the United Arab Emirates, namely Dubai (18) and Abu Dhabi (43), both of which have seen fairly significant increases in their rankings since last year. Saudi cities such as Riyadh (85) and Jeddah (101) have also jumped up the global list, by 18 and 10 spots respectively.

Within Central and South America, Nassau ranks as the most expensive location for international employees (number 10 globally), followed by San Juan (44) and Buenos Aires (45). It is worth noting that several locations within the region rank significantly higher than last year, with a move up of 76 spots for San Jose and 70 spots for Mexico City.

New York City (number six in the global ranking) continues to be the most expensive city in North America, followed by Los Angeles (11) and San Francisco (14). All US cities in the ranking have gone up since last year, with the largest changes being for Detroit (+27 positions), Houston and Cleveland (both +24 positions).

African cities placed highest in the global cost of living ranking are Bangui (26), Djibouti (27) and Luanda (30). The least expensive cities in the region include Windhoek, Durban and Tunis. Notably, these follow quite closely behind Cairo, which dropped 63 spots since last year. 

High inflation and market fluctuations impact the cost of living across the world, impacting our purchasing power and standard of living.

Join our live webinar on 28 June for highlights of our latest cost of living research, and the implications for multinational organisations looking to design efficient and equitable compensation packages for their globally mobile employees.

Extensive use of remote working is causing many employees to reconsider their priorities, assess their work-life balances, and think about the places in which they have chosen to live. This is forcing many organisations to reimagine their work setups. Overall, this has meant that many employers are having to rethink how they manage a globally distributed workforce. This is particularly true for those that operate in tight labour markets.

For companies in this situation, Mercer’s cost of living data can help. It provides the information that employers need to develop effective compensation strategies for their globally distributed workforces. This is particularly important in markets where the labour supply is restricted. The information that Mercer supplies highlights the importance of monitoring currency fluctuations and assessing inflationary and deflationary pressures on goods, services and accommodation in all operating locations. The data can also help employers determine and maintain compensation packages for employees on international assignments and when working full-time abroad.

Cost is not the only factor that influences how attractive a location is to employees and corporations. An equally important factor is the overall quality of life that a city offers. Conversely, risks and other negative issues, such as natural disasters, political and/or economic turmoil, high crime rates, poor infrastructure and inadequate international connectivity, can be major deterrents to companies and their employees.

In general, countries and cities are continuously striving to attract international businesses as well as digital nomads and mobile employees. The most successful locations are currently those combining flexible governance for mobile talent, a high quality of life and a reasonable cost of living.

The chart below shows the correlation between the cost and quality of living across selected cities around the world. It also highlights how each location ranks with respect to three specific aspects: safety (including criteria such as crime, law enforcement, limitations on personal freedom and media/censorship), eco-friendliness (considering water potability, waste removal, sewage, air pollution, water availability and traffic congestion) and infrastructure (looking at electricity, water availability, telephone, mail, public transport, traffic congestion and airports).

With continued inflationary pressures across the globe, we’re taking a closer look at how the cost of selected goods has evolved since last year. Analysing a basket of ten every-day items, sugar, cooking oil and butter stand out as those whose prices have increased the most. Gasoline price, on the other hand, seems to have slowed down its rise, with a decrease occurring in a number of locations.

Mercer's widely recognised survey is one of the world’s most comprehensive studies of its kind. It is designed to help multinational companies and governments determine compensation strategies for their international assignees.

Governments and major companies use data from this survey to protect the purchasing power of their employees when they are transferred abroad. For example, data on rental accommodation costs is used to assess local international assignees’ housing allowances. The choice of cities surveyed is based on demand for data from Mercer’s clients.

New York City is used as the base city for all city ranking comparisons. Currency movements are measured against the US dollar. The survey includes over 400 cities.

This year’s ranking includes 227 cities from across five continents. It measures the comparative cost of more than 200 items in each location, including housing, transportation, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment. The data collected provides all of the key information employers need to design efficient and transparent compensation packages for international assignees. Learn more here.

The figures used in Mercer’s cost of living and rental accommodation cost comparisons are derived from a survey conducted in March 2023. Exchange rates from that time, along with Mercer’s international basket of goods and services from its cost of living survey, were used for calculations and baselines.

Inflation is generally defined as the measure of price movements from time T to time T+1, using exactly the same specifications of items in terms of their packaging sizes and characteristics.

For the purpose of Mercer’s cost of living survey, Mercer’s quoted inflation figure is designed to provide an indication of how the index has moved in the last six or 12 months in local currency terms, regardless of the currency fluctuations between home and host locations.