Employer Covenant

Assessing a DB scheme’s employer covenant

When undertaking a triennial valuation for a defined benefit (DB) scheme, trustees’ first considerations should be how strong is our employer covenant? And how much risk can it underpin?

Assessing a DB scheme’s employer covenant alongside funding and investment risks is not a new concept for DB schemes – TPR has guided trustees to adopt robust integrated risk management (IRM) processes to ensure that these risks are appropriately balanced. However, TPR is now introducing the requirement for DB schemes to go beyond IRM and have a long term journey plan that is explicitly linked to employer covenant strength and its longevity.

Assessing a DB scheme’s employer covenant: what should I consider?

TPR’s new funding requirements means an employer covenant will require far greater levels of consideration for many DB schemes

To set a long-term objective, as required by TPR, trustees must question and understand the sponsor’s ability to support the scheme. Here are some questions to consider when thinking about assessing employer covenant:

Visibility (1-3 years)

On a forward looking basis, do you know how much free cash your sponsor(s) will generate, and how much of this is “reasonable” for the DB scheme to receive?

Reliability (c.6 years)

How many years are you comfortable that your sponsor can generate these levels of free cash flow? How does this compare to the level of funding and investment risk the DB scheme is running?

Longevity

How long can you rely on the ongoing performance of your sponsor(s)? How sensitive is ongoing performance to changes in demand and other risks such as climate change?

Long term journey planning

Answering the above questions will be key to forming a DB scheme’s long term journey plan, establishing an appropriate funding target and investment de-risking strategy, and the ability of the sponsor to underwrite scheme risks. If you are unable to form a view on visibility, reliability and longevity, it could undermine your valuation.

Nearly all schemes need to assess their employer covenant on an ongoing basis, particularly with respect to future prospects. Going forward, many schemes will need to take independent employer covenant advice, some of which will be for the first time, to be able to demonstrate to all stakeholders that these risks have been given due consideration.

Along a scheme’s journey plan there will be “bumps in the road” to navigate, and that is where integrated covenant, funding and investment monitoring plays its role. Constant monitoring and responding to events as necessary is required to achieve the end goal.

TPR’s new funding requirements mean trustees will need to question and understand a sponsor’s ability to support their scheme in far more detail than they have perhaps done in the past

Thomas Austin

Director, Employer Covenant

Mercer has the breadth and scale to guide you on the covenant

At Mercer we have always made employer covenant the starting point of our funding assessments, adopting a “covenant first” approach. We have a team of covenant specialists who work closely with our funding and investment experts across the breadth of the UK. Strength in all three of these areas is a distinctive feature of what Mercer can offer, although we also provide independent covenant advice alongside third party advisors and have a great deal of experience doing so in a seamless and integrated manner.

There are many scenarios where we provide employer covenant support, including:

We provide a range of reviews, from high-level desk top analysis for smaller, non-complex clients, all the way through to in-depth reviews for schemes sponsored by multi-national listed entities with complicated legal and operating structures.

Our advice includes a focus on the “so what” of the covenant rating, linking the covenant strength reported to funding and investment considerations and to realistic and available options for covenant enhancement.

To ensure trustees keep abreast of how a scheme’s employer covenant develops over time, we provide monitoring reviews that can be provided on a monthly, quarterly, biannual or annual basis depending on scheme / employer risks. We advocate the use of a key performance indicator (KPI) dashboard that are RAG rated (red, amber, green) – this visual representation of employer covenant is intuitive and easy to understand regardless of a trustee’s financial background.

In addition, we help to establish notification protocols where employers are committed to inform trustees of activity that could impact the covenant (e.g. restructuring, refinancing, return of capital, M&A, etc.), which works alongside the requirements of the notifiable events regime. Having adequate covenant monitoring frameworks in place is high on TPR’s agenda for trustees and covenant should be a standing agenda item at all trustee meetings.

Where trustees are particularly focused on the level of cash contributions available to fund a scheme, it may be appropriate to conduct an affordability review. This exercise concentrates purely on the level of cash generation and/or liquidity a sponsoring employer has access to, and how much of that cash it is fair and reasonable for a pension scheme to receive.

Following changes to the Moral Hazard code introduced under the Pension Schemes Act 2021, scheme sponsors will need to undertake pre-emptive analysis of the impact of corporate actions and scheme related events on employer covenant. For trustees, the new objective Moral Hazard tests provide clearer benchmarks for assessing material detriment and the leverage they may have to seek appropriate mitigation.

Sponsoring employers often undertake corporate activity, such as an entity reorganisation, refinance, dividend payment or other return of capital, sale or acquisition of business, etc., that can reduce the strength of the employer covenant, consequently having a negative impact for a DB scheme.

In these scenarios, TPR has set out its “Type A event” framework, within its Clearance guidance, that directs schemes and employers to assess the impact of corporate activity on employer covenant. Where the corporate activity is deemed to be “materially detrimental”, both parties need to agree upon “appropriate mitigation”. As neither of these terms are defined by TPR, we provide “Type A” reviews that assess the impact of corporate activity and advise upon appropriate forms of mitigation, which can include negotiation support where required.

These are emerging risks that can have a material impact on employer covenant over the medium to longer term, and are considerations that TPR now expects trustees to make for all aspects of their schemes (i.e. investment, funding and covenant). Indeed, it is now compulsory for larger schemes. We help schemes understand the climate related risks that may impact their employer over the short, medium and longer term, both on a physical and transitional basis, aligning this with how similar scenarios may impact DB scheme assets and liabilities.

For multi-employer schemes, in certain scenarios, an employer may want to “exit” from the DB scheme without having to settle its scheme liabilities, which may be done by “apportioning” the liabilities to another employer. The most common method is by using a Flexible Apportionment Arrangement (FAA), although there are others. Trustees must consent to an FAA, being content that the statutory Funding Test is met, and that it is in the scheme members’ best interests. We provide reports concluding on the Funding and Best Interest Tests, and advising on what mitigation may be required to allow a FAA to proceed.

Schemes with a strong guarantor, asset backed funding arrangement, charges over assets or bank guarantees, may qualify for a reduced annual levy to the PPF if they are PPF compliant. To qualify for this reduction the trustees need to provide annual certifications. We undertake work to assess the certification that can be made, including providing full Guarantor strength Reports for large and complex guarantees, with a duty of care to both the scheme and the PPF provided.

Restructuring distressed businesses with defined benefit pension schemes

Many businesses have defined benefit pension schemes (also known as final salary schemes), where they have promised a pension to current and/or former employees. Whilst the funding position of many of these pension schemes has improved over recent years, a large proportion remain in deficit, requiring significant ongoing funding. The provision of UK pensions is heavily regulated by the Pensions Regulator, and in circumstance where businesses become financially distressed, any proposal to reduce, reshape or remove contributions altogether comes under a high degree of scrutiny. Where pension schemes have been considered to be seriously mistreated, there are potential civil and criminal consequences for “connected parties”, which includes Directors (personally) and associated businesses. However, there are a number of pension solutions that can be used to provide financially stressed businesses the time and space they need to restructure, including:

Improved security or guarantees

by providing a pension scheme with improved contingent asset support, companies can negotiate lower payments to their pension schemes in the short / medium term.
Capital backed journey plans

for a fee, third parties are willing to provide additional funding to pension schemes, which can reduce their cash funding requirements on an ongoing basis.
Consolidator

in certain circumstances, a pension scheme can be transferred to a third party, who will take on the responsibility for the scheme, removing it completely from the business’s balance sheet.
Scheme compromise

in extreme circumstances, the Pension Protection Fund will agree to take on a business’s pension scheme if it represents the best outcome for the business and scheme members.

Where a business has a defined benefit pension scheme and is assessing its restructuring options, it is key to:

Take action early

the solutions outlined above range from weeks to months to implement.
Manage your stakeholders

pension schemes are key stakeholders and should be treated the same as other important creditors, lenders etc., in a restructuring scenario.
Take advice

pensions, and the way in which they are regulated, are complex – taking advice from experts gives you the best chance to deliver a solution that protects / enhances business value.

Mercer’s employer covenant team has a background in corporate restructuring and insolvency and have been helping distressed businesses manage their pension liabilities for over 20 years – when we are involved early in the process, we are able to deliver the best outcome for all stakeholders whilst managing regulatory risk.

If your business / client is facing financial challenges and is unsure how to manage pension risk, please contact our employer covenant team for a confidential, no obligation discussion.

We are here to help you put employer covenant at the centre of your strategy

Our large covenant team draws on Mercer’s funding and investment expertise to provide you with a full range of advice. Because we advise trustees and corporate sponsors we understand the issues and challenges from both sides of the table. This enables us to take a pragmatic approach that gets the job done with the minimum of stress and cost — while providing the assurance you and your members require.

We can also provide training sessions, explaining the importance and interplay of covenant and the changes TPR has and is introducing, which might be a useful way to introduce our team to your trustees, especially in the run up to a triennial valuation.

Contact a consultant

Putting employer covenant at the centre of your DB scheme’s plans

Assessing a DB scheme’s employer covenant

Assessing a DB scheme’s employer covenant: what should I consider?

Visibility (1-3 years)

Reliability (c.6 years)

Longevity

Long term journey planning

Mercer has the breadth and scale to guide you on the covenant

Restructuring distressed businesses with defined benefit pension schemes

We are here to help you put employer covenant at the centre of your strategy

Defined benefit schemes

Corporate pensions consulting

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Bespoke Liability Driven Investment (LDI): increased transparency, flexibility and accuracy

DB considerations for 2025

New DB Funding Regime – covenant concepts with corporate activity

Talk to us

Putting employer covenant at the centre of your DB scheme’s plans

Assessing a DB scheme’s employer covenant

Assessing a DB scheme’s employer covenant: what should I consider?

Visibility (1-3 years)

Reliability (c.6 years)

Longevity

Long term journey planning

Mercer has the breadth and scale to guide you on the covenant

Triennial reviews

Monitoring reviews

Affordability reviews

Moral hazard reviews

Corporate activity

ESG and climate impacts

Apportionment arrangements

PPF certification

Restructuring distressed businesses with defined benefit pension schemes

We are here to help you put employer covenant at the centre of your strategy

Related solutions

Defined benefit schemes

Corporate pensions consulting

Liability-driven investing (LDI)

Related insights

Bespoke Liability Driven Investment (LDI): increased transparency, flexibility and accuracy

DB considerations for 2025

New DB Funding Regime – covenant concepts with corporate activity

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